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Requirements for Open-Ended Evolution in Natural and Artificial Systems
  
  Tim Taylor
2015

Abstract
Open-ended evolutionary dynamics remains an elusive goal for artificial evolutionary systems. Many ideas exist in the biological literature beyond the basic Darwinian requirements of variation, differential reproduction and inheritance. I argue that these ideas can be seen as aspects of five fundamental requirements for open-ended evolution: (1) robustly reproductive individuals, (2) a medium allowing the possible existence of a practically unlimited diversity of individuals and interactions, (3) individuals capable of producing more complex offspring, (4) mutational pathways to other viable individuals, and (5) drive for continued evolution. I briefly discuss implications of this view for the design of artificial systems with greater evolutionary potential.

 
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Reference
<span id="taylor2015requirements">Taylor, T. (2015). Requirements for Open-Ended Evolution in Natural and Artificial Systems. <i>Presented at the EvoEvo Workshop at the European Conference on Artificial Life 2015 (ECAL 2015)</i>. Retrieved from https://arxiv.org/abs/1507.07403</span>

BibTeX
@article{taylor2015requirements,
  author = {Taylor, Tim},
  title = {Requirements for Open-Ended Evolution in Natural and Artificial Systems},
  journal = {Presented at the EvoEvo Workshop at the European Conference on Artificial Life 2015 (ECAL 2015)},
  year = {2015},
  month = jul,
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/1507.07403},
  category = {workshop},
  keywords = {oee}
}

   
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<div class="overflow-scroll"><span id="taylor2020importance">Taylor, T. (2020). <b>The Importance of Open-Endedness (For the Sake of Open-Endedness)</b>. In J. Bongard, J. Lovato, L. Hebert-Dufrésne, R. Dasari, &amp; L. Soros (Eds.), <i>ALIFE 2020: Proceedings of the Artificial Life Conference 2020</i> (pp. 578–580). https://doi.org/10.1162/isal_a_00257</span></div>

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    <pre>@inproceedings{taylor2020importance,
  author = {Taylor, Tim},
  title = {The Importance of Open-Endedness (For the Sake of Open-Endedness)},
  booktitle = {ALIFE 2020: Proceedings of the Artificial Life Conference 2020},
  editor = {Bongard, Josh and Lovato, Juniper and Hebert-Dufrésne, Laurent and Dasari, Radhakrishna and Soros, Lisa},
  year = {2020},
  publisher = {{MIT} Press},
  pages = {578-580},
  doi = {10.1162/isal_a_00257},
  category = {conference},
  keywords = {oee}
}
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    <pre>@article{taylor2019evolutionary,
  author = {Taylor, Tim},
  title = {Evolutionary Innovations and Where to Find Them: Routes to Open-Ended Evolution in Natural and Artificial Systems},
  journal = {Artificial Life},
  year = {2019},
  volume = {25},
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  publisher = {{MIT} Press Journals},
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  keywords = {oee}
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<div class="overflow-scroll"><span id="packard2019openended">Packard, N., Bedau, M., Channon, A., Ikegami, T., Rasmussen, S., Stanley, K., &amp; Taylor, T. (2019). <b>Open-Ended Evolution and Open-Endedness: Editorial Introduction to the Open-Ended Evolution I Special Issue</b>. <i>Artificial Life</i>, <i>25</i>(1), 1–3. https://doi.org/10.1162/artl_e_00282</span></div>

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<div class="overflow-scroll"><span id="taylor2018routes">Taylor, T. (2018). <b>Routes to Open-Endedness in Evolutionary Systems</b>. <i>Presented at the Third Workshop on Open-Ended Evolution (OEE3) at the 2018 Conference on Artificial Life (ALIFE 2018)</i>. Retrieved from https://arxiv.org/abs/1806.01883v3</span></div>

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    <pre>@article{taylor2018routes,
  author = {Taylor, Tim},
  title = {Routes to Open-Endedness in Evolutionary Systems},
  journal = {Presented at the Third Workshop on Open-Ended Evolution (OEE3) at the 2018 Conference on Artificial Life (ALIFE 2018)},
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  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/1806.01883v3},
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  keywords = {oee}
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<div class="overflow-scroll"><span id="taylor2016openended">Taylor, T., Bedau, M., Channon, A., Ackley, D., Banzhaf, W., Beslon, G., … Wiser, M. (2016). <b>Open-Ended Evolution: Perspectives from the OEE Workshop in York</b>. <i>Artificial Life</i>, <i>22</i>(3), 408–423. https://doi.org/10.1162/artl_a_00210</span></div>

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    <pre>@article{taylor2016openended,
  author = {Taylor, Tim and Bedau, Mark and Channon, Alastair and Ackley, David and Banzhaf, Wolfgang and Beslon, Guillaume and Dolson, Emily and Froese, Tom and Hickinbotham, Simon and Ikegami, Takashi and McMullin, Barry and Packard, Norman and Rasmussen, Steen and Virgo, Nathaniel and Agmon, Eran and Clark, Edward and McGregor, Simon and Ofria, Charles and Ropella, Glen and Spector, Lee and Stanley, Kenneth O. and Stanton, Adam and Timperley, Christopher and Vostinar, Anya and Wiser, Michael},
  title = {Open-Ended Evolution: Perspectives from the {OEE} Workshop in {Y}ork},
  journal = {Artificial Life},
  year = {2016},
  publisher = {{MIT} Press Journals},
  volume = {22},
  number = {3},
  pages = {408--423},
  doi = {10.1162/artl_a_00210},
  category = {journal},
  keywords = {oee}
}
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<div class="overflow-scroll"><span id="taylor2014evolution">Taylor, T. (2014). <b>Evolution in virtual worlds</b>. In M. Grimshaw (Ed.), <i>The Oxford Handbook of Virtuality</i> (pp. 526–548). https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199826162.013.044</span></div>

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    <pre>@inbook{taylor2014evolution,
  title = {Evolution in virtual worlds},
  author = {Taylor, Tim},
  year = {2014},
  doi = {10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199826162.013.044},
  language = {English},
  isbn = {9780199826162},
  pages = {526--548},
  editor = {Grimshaw, Mark},
  booktitle = {The Oxford Handbook of Virtuality},
  publisher = {Oxford University Press},
  address = {United Kingdom},
  category = {chapter},
  keywords = {oee}
}
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  title = {Exploring the Concept of Open-Ended Evolution},
  booktitle = {Artificial Life 13: Proceedings of the Thirteenth International Conference on the Simulation and Synthesis of Living Systems},
  year = {2012},
  editor = {Adami, Christoph and Bryson, David M. and Ofria, Charles and Pennock, Robert T.},
  pages = {540--541},
  publisher = {{MIT} Press},
  category = {conference},
  keywords = {oee}
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<div class="overflow-scroll"><span id="taylor2004redrawing">Taylor, T. (2004). <b>Redrawing the Boundary between Organism and Environment</b>. In J. Pollack, M. A. Bedau, P. Husbands, R. A. Watson, &amp; T. Ikegami (Eds.), <i>Artificial Life IX: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on the Simulation and Synthesis of Living Systems</i> (pp. 268–273). https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/1429.003.0045</span></div>

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    <pre>@inproceedings{taylor2004redrawing,
  author = {Taylor, Tim},
  title = {Redrawing the Boundary between Organism and Environment},
  booktitle = {Artificial Life IX: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on the Simulation and Synthesis of Living Systems},
  year = {2004},
  editor = {Pollack, Jordan and Bedau, Mark A. and Husbands, Phil and Watson, Richard A. and Ikegami, Takashi},
  pages = {268-273},
  address = {Cambridge, MA},
  publisher = {{MIT} Press},
  doi = {10.7551/mitpress/1429.003.0045},
  category = {conference},
  keywords = {evoca, oee, meaning, agency}
}
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<div class="overflow-scroll"><span id="taylor2003evolving">Taylor, T. (2003). <b>Evolving Interaction in Artificial Systems: An historical overview and future directions</b>. In P. McOwan, K. Dautenhahn, &amp; C. L. Nehaniv (Eds.), <i>Abstracts from the Evolvability and Interaction Symposium, held at Queen Mary, University of London, UK, in October 2003</i>. University of Hertfordshire Computer Science Technical Report No. 393.</span></div>

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    <pre>@incollection{taylor2003evolving,
  author = {Taylor, Tim},
  title = {Evolving Interaction in Artificial Systems: An historical overview and future directions},
  booktitle = {Abstracts from the Evolvability and Interaction Symposium, held at Queen Mary, University of London, UK, in October 2003},
  publisher = {University of Hertfordshire Computer Science Technical Report No.~393},
  year = {2003},
  month = oct,
  editor = {McOwan, Peter and Dautenhahn, Kerstin and Nehaniv, Chrystopher L.},
  category = {workshop},
  keywords = {evoca, history, oee}
}
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<div class="overflow-scroll"><span id="taylor2001creativity">Taylor, T. (2001). <b>Creativity in Evolution: Individuals, Interactions and Environments</b>. In P. J. Bentley &amp; D. W. Corne (Eds.), <i>Creative Evolutionary Systems</i> (pp. 79–108). https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-155860673-9/50037-9</span></div>

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    <pre>@incollection{taylor2001creativity,
  author = {Taylor, Tim},
  title = {Creativity in Evolution: Individuals, Interactions and Environments},
  booktitle = {Creative Evolutionary Systems},
  editor = {Bentley, Peter J and Corne, David W},
  chapter = {1},
  pages = {79--108},
  publisher = {Morgan Kaufmann},
  year = {2001},
  doi = {10.1016/b978-155860673-9/50037-9},
  category = {chapter},
  keywords = {creativity, oee}
}
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<div class="overflow-scroll"><span id="taylor2000some">Taylor, T. (2000). <b>Some Representational and Ecological Aspects of Evolvability</b>. In C. L. Nehaniv (Ed.), <i>Proceedings of the Evolvability Workshop at the the Seventh International Conference on the Simulation and Synthesis of Living Systems (Artificial Life 7)</i> (pp. 41–44). Retrieved from http://homepages.herts.ac.uk/ comqcln/al7ev/cnts.html</span></div>

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    <pre>@inproceedings{taylor2000some,
  author = {Taylor, Tim},
  title = {Some Representational and Ecological Aspects of Evolvability},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the Evolvability Workshop at the the Seventh International Conference on the Simulation and Synthesis of Living Systems (Artificial Life 7)},
  year = {2000},
  editor = {Nehaniv, Chrystopher L.},
  pages = {41-44},
  url = {http://homepages.herts.ac.uk/~comqcln/al7ev/cnts.html},
  month = aug,
  category = {workshop},
  keywords = {selfrep, oee}
}
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<div class="overflow-scroll"><span id="taylor1999artificial">Taylor, T. J. (1999). <i><b>From Artificial Evolution to Artificial Life</b></i> (PhD thesis). School of Informatics, College of Science and Engineering, University of Edinburgh.</span></div>

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    <pre>@phdthesis{taylor1999artificial,
  author = {Taylor, Timothy John},
  title = {From Artificial Evolution to Artificial Life},
  school = {School of Informatics, College of Science and Engineering, University of Edinburgh},
  year = {1999},
  uri = {http://hdl.handle.net/1842/361},
  category = {dissertation},
  keywords = {selfrep, oee, cosmos}
}
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<div class="overflow-scroll"><span id="taylor1998nidus">Taylor, T. (1998). <i><b>Nidus Design Document</b></i> (Departmental Working Paper No. 269). Department of Artificial Intelligence, University of Edinburgh.</span></div>

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    <pre>@techreport{taylor1998nidus,
  author = {Taylor, Tim},
  title = {Nidus Design Document},
  institution = {Department of Artificial Intelligence, University of Edinburgh},
  year = {1998},
  type = {Departmental Working Paper},
  number = {269},
  month = jun,
  category = {techreport},
  keywords = {oee}
}
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