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Studying Evolution with Self-Replicating Computer Programs
  
  Tim Taylor,  John Hallam
1997

Abstract
A critical discussion is presented on the use of self-replicating program systems as tools for the formulation of generalised theories of evolution. Results generated by such systems must be treated with caution, but, if used properly, they can offer us unprecedented opportunities for empirical, comparative studies. A new system called Cosmos is introduced, which is based upon Ray’s Tierra. The major dfference between Cosmos and previous systems is that individual selfreplicating programs in Cosmos are modelled (in a very simplified fashion) on cellular organisms. Previous systems have generally used simpler self-replicators. The hope is that Cosmos may be better able to address questions concerning the sudden emergence of complex multicellular biological organisms during the Cambrian explosion. Results of initial exploratory runs are presented, which are somewhat different to those of similar runs on Tierra. These differences were expected, and indicate the sensitivity of such systems to the precise details of the language in which the self-replicating programs are written. With the strengths and weaknesses of the methodology in mind, some directions for future research with Cosmos are discussed.

 
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Reference
<span id="taylor1997studying">Taylor, T., &amp; Hallam, J. (1997). Studying Evolution with Self-Replicating Computer Programs. In P. Husbands &amp; I. Harvey (Eds.), <i>Fourth European Conference on Artificial Life</i> (pp. 550–559). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.</span>

BibTeX
@inproceedings{taylor1997studying,
  title = {Studying Evolution with Self-Replicating Computer Programs},
  author = {Taylor, Tim and Hallam, John},
  pages = {550--559},
  booktitle = {Fourth European Conference on Artificial Life},
  editor = {Husbands, Phil and Harvey, Inman},
  publisher = {MIT Press},
  address = {Cambridge, MA},
  isbn = {0262581574},
  year = {1997},
  category = {conference},
  keywords = {cosmos, selfrep}
}

   
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<li>


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<div class="overflow-scroll"><span id="taylor2024afterword">Taylor, T. (2024). <b>An Afterword to "Rise of the Self-Replicators": Placing John A. Etzler, Frigyes Karinthy, Fred Stahl, and Others in the Early History of Thought About Self-Reproducing Machines</b>. <i>Artificial Life</i>, <i>30</i>(1), 91–105. https://doi.org/10.1162/artl_a_00424</span></div>

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    <pre>@article{taylor2024afterword,
  author = {Taylor, Tim},
  title = {An Afterword to "Rise of the Self-Replicators": Placing John A. Etzler, Frigyes Karinthy, Fred Stahl, and Others in the Early History of Thought About Self-Reproducing Machines},
  journal = {Artificial Life},
  year = {2024},
  volume = {30},
  number = {1},
  pages = {91-105},
  publisher = {{MIT} Press Journals},
  doi = {10.1162/artl_a_00424},
  issn = {1530-9185},
  category = {journal},
  keywords = {history, selfrep}
}
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<div class="overflow-scroll"><span id="taylor2020what">Taylor, T. (2020). <b>What Am I For? Self-Purpose and Self-Reproduction in Rossum’s Universal Robots (Samoúčelnost a samoreprodukce u Rossumových univerzálních robotů)</b>. In J. Čejková (Ed.), <i>ROBOT 100: Sto rozumů</i> (pp. 178–180). Prague: Kosmas.</span></div>

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    <pre>@incollection{taylor2020what,
  author = {Taylor, Tim},
  title = {What Am I For? Self-Purpose and Self-Reproduction in Rossum's Universal Robots (Samoúčelnost a samoreprodukce u Rossumových univerzálních robotů)},
  booktitle = {ROBOT 100: Sto rozumů},
  editor = {\v{C}ejkov\'{a}, Jitka},
  year = {2020},
  pages = {178-180},
  isbn = {978-80-7592-062-1},
  publisher = {Kosmas},
  address = {Prague},
  category = {chapter},
  keywords = {selfrep, agency},
  note = {Centenary edition of Karel \v{C}apek's Rossum's Universal Robots. In Czech.}
}
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<div class="overflow-scroll"><span id="taylor2020rise">Taylor, T., &amp; Dorin, A. (2020). <i><b>Rise of the Self-Replicators: Early Visions of Machines, AI and Robots That Can Reproduce and Evolve</b></i>. Cham: Springer.</span></div>

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    <pre>@book{taylor2020rise,
  title = {Rise of the Self-Replicators: Early Visions of Machines, AI and Robots That Can Reproduce and Evolve},
  author = {Taylor, Tim and Dorin, Alan},
  publisher = {Springer},
  year = {2020},
  isbn = {978-3-030-48233-6},
  address = {Cham},
  category = {book},
  keywords = {history, selfrep}
}
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<div class="overflow-scroll"><span id="taylor2018past">Taylor, T., &amp; Dorin, A. (2018). <b>Past Visions of Artificial Futures: One Hundred and Fifty Years under the Spectre of Evolving Machines</b>. In T. Ikegami, N. Virgo, O. Witkowski, M. Oka, R. Suzuki, &amp; H. Iizuka (Eds.), <i>ALIFE 2018: Proceedings of the Artificial Life Conference 2018</i> (pp. 91–98). https://doi.org/10.1162/isal_a_00022</span></div>

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    <pre>@inproceedings{taylor2018past,
  author = {Taylor, Tim and Dorin, Alan},
  title = {Past Visions of Artificial Futures: One Hundred and Fifty Years under the Spectre of Evolving Machines},
  booktitle = {ALIFE 2018: Proceedings of the Artificial Life Conference 2018},
  editor = {Ikegami, Takashi and Virgo, Nathaniel and Witkowski, Olaf and Oka, Mizuki and Suzuki, Reiji and Iizuka, Hiroyuki},
  year = {2018},
  publisher = {{MIT} Press},
  pages = {91--98},
  doi = {10.1162/isal_a_00022},
  category = {conference},
  keywords = {history, selfrep}
}
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<div class="overflow-scroll"><span id="mcmullin2001who">McMullin, B., Taylor, T., &amp; von Kamp, A. (2001). <b>Who Needs Genomes?</b> <i>Proceedings of the Atlantic Symposium on Computational Biology and Genome Information Systems and Technology, CBGIST 2001</i>, 250–254. Duke University, USA.</span></div>

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    <pre>@inproceedings{mcmullin2001who,
  author = {McMullin, Barry and Taylor, Tim and {von Kamp}, Axel},
  title = {Who Needs Genomes?},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the Atlantic Symposium on Computational Biology and Genome Information Systems and Technology, CBGIST 2001},
  year = {2001},
  pages = {250-254},
  month = mar,
  address = {Duke University, USA},
  category = {conference},
  keywords = {selfrep}
}
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<div class="overflow-scroll"><span id="taylor2000some">Taylor, T. (2000). <b>Some Representational and Ecological Aspects of Evolvability</b>. In C. L. Nehaniv (Ed.), <i>Proceedings of the Evolvability Workshop at the the Seventh International Conference on the Simulation and Synthesis of Living Systems (Artificial Life 7)</i> (pp. 41–44). Retrieved from http://homepages.herts.ac.uk/ comqcln/al7ev/cnts.html</span></div>

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    <pre>@inproceedings{taylor2000some,
  author = {Taylor, Tim},
  title = {Some Representational and Ecological Aspects of Evolvability},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the Evolvability Workshop at the the Seventh International Conference on the Simulation and Synthesis of Living Systems (Artificial Life 7)},
  year = {2000},
  editor = {Nehaniv, Chrystopher L.},
  pages = {41-44},
  url = {http://homepages.herts.ac.uk/~comqcln/al7ev/cnts.html},
  month = aug,
  category = {workshop},
  keywords = {selfrep, oee}
}
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<div class="overflow-scroll"><span id="taylor1999selfreproduction">Taylor, T. (1999). <b>On Self-Reproduction and Evolvability</b>. In D. Floreano, J.-D. Nicoud, &amp; F. Mondada (Eds.), <i>Advances in Artificial Life. ECAL 1999</i> (pp. 94–103). https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-48304-7_15</span></div>

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    <pre>@inproceedings{taylor1999selfreproduction,
  title = {On Self-Reproduction and Evolvability},
  author = {Taylor, Tim},
  year = {1999},
  booktitle = {Advances in Artificial Life. ECAL 1999},
  series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
  volume = {1674},
  pages = {94-103},
  editor = {Floreano, Dario and Nicoud, Jean-Daniel and Mondada, Francesco},
  doi = {10.1007/3-540-48304-7_15},
  publisher = {Springer},
  address = {Berlin},
  category = {conference},
  keywords = {selfrep, cosmos}
}
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<div class="overflow-scroll"><span id="taylor1999creativity">Taylor, T. (1999). <b>Creativity in Evolution: Individuals, Interactions and Environments</b>. In P. J. Bentley &amp; D. W. Corne (Eds.), <i>Proceedings of the AISB’99 Symposium on Creative Evolutionary Systems</i> (pp. 8–17). The Society for the Study of Artificial Intelligence and Simulation of Behaviour.</span></div>

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    <pre>@inproceedings{taylor1999creativity,
  author = {Taylor, Tim},
  title = {Creativity in Evolution: Individuals, Interactions and Environments},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the AISB'99 Symposium on Creative Evolutionary Systems},
  year = {1999},
  editor = {Bentley, Peter J. and Corne, David W.},
  pages = {8-17},
  publisher = {The Society for the Study of Artificial Intelligence and Simulation of Behaviour},
  isbn = {1902956036},
  category = {conference},
  keywords = {creativity, cosmos}
}
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<div class="overflow-scroll"><span id="taylor1999artificial">Taylor, T. J. (1999). <i><b>From Artificial Evolution to Artificial Life</b></i> (PhD thesis). School of Informatics, College of Science and Engineering, University of Edinburgh.</span></div>

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    <pre>@phdthesis{taylor1999artificial,
  author = {Taylor, Timothy John},
  title = {From Artificial Evolution to Artificial Life},
  school = {School of Informatics, College of Science and Engineering, University of Edinburgh},
  year = {1999},
  uri = {http://hdl.handle.net/1842/361},
  category = {dissertation},
  keywords = {selfrep, oee, cosmos}
}
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<div class="overflow-scroll"><span id="taylor1998replaying">Taylor, T., &amp; Hallam, J. (1998). <b>Replaying the Tape: An Investigation into the Role of Contingency in Evolution</b>. In C. Adami, R. K. Belew, H. Kitano, &amp; C. E. Taylor (Eds.), <i>Artificial Life VI: Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Artificial Life</i> (pp. 256–265). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.</span></div>

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    <pre>@inproceedings{taylor1998replaying,
  title = {Replaying the Tape: An Investigation into the Role of Contingency in Evolution},
  author = {Taylor, Tim and Hallam, John},
  pages = {256-265},
  booktitle = {Artificial Life VI: Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Artificial Life},
  editor = {Adami, Christoph and Belew, Richard K. and Kitano, Hiroaki and Taylor, Charles E.},
  publisher = {MIT Press},
  address = {Cambridge, MA},
  year = {1998},
  category = {conference},
  keywords = {cosmos}
}
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<div class="overflow-scroll"><span id="taylor1997cosmos">Taylor, T. (1997). <i><b>The COSMOS Artificial Life System</b></i> (Departmental Working Paper No. 263). Department of Artificial Intelligence, University of Edinburgh.</span></div>

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    <pre>@techreport{taylor1997cosmos,
  author = {Taylor, Tim},
  title = {The COSMOS Artificial Life System},
  institution = {Department of Artificial Intelligence, University of Edinburgh},
  year = {1997},
  type = {Departmental Working Paper},
  number = {263},
  month = oct,
  category = {techreport},
  keywords = {cosmos},
  note = {Version 2.0: May 1999}
}
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<div class="overflow-scroll"><span id="taylor1996study">Taylor, T. (1996). <i><b>PhD Proposal: A Study of Evolution in Self-Replicating Parallel Computer Programs</b></i> (Departmental Discussion Paper No. 169). Department of Artificial Intelligence, University of Edinburgh.</span></div>

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    <pre>@techreport{taylor1996study,
  author = {Taylor, Tim},
  title = {PhD Proposal: A Study of Evolution in Self-Replicating Parallel Computer Programs},
  institution = {Department of Artificial Intelligence, University of Edinburgh},
  year = {1996},
  type = {Departmental Discussion Paper},
  number = {169},
  month = jun,
  category = {techreport},
  keywords = {cosmos}
}
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<div class="overflow-scroll"><span id="taylor1996cosmos">Taylor, T. (1996). <i><b>The COSMOS Environment and REPLiCa Programming Language</b></i> (Departmental Working Paper No. 259). Department of Artificial Intelligence, University of Edinburgh.</span></div>

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    <pre>@techreport{taylor1996cosmos,
  author = {Taylor, Tim},
  title = {The COSMOS Environment and REPLiCa Programming Language},
  institution = {Department of Artificial Intelligence, University of Edinburgh},
  year = {1996},
  type = {Departmental Working Paper},
  number = {259},
  month = jun,
  category = {techreport},
  keywords = {cosmos}
}
</pre>
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<div class="overflow-scroll"><span id="taylor1996incorporation">Taylor, T. (1996). <i><b>On the Incorporation of a Developmental Process in a System of Self-Replicating Programs</b></i> (Departmental Working Paper No. 258). Department of Artificial Intelligence, University of Edinburgh.</span></div>

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    <pre>@techreport{taylor1996incorporation,
  author = {Taylor, Tim},
  title = {On the Incorporation of a Developmental Process in a System of Self-Replicating Programs},
  institution = {Department of Artificial Intelligence, University of Edinburgh},
  year = {1996},
  type = {Departmental Working Paper},
  number = {258},
  month = jan,
  category = {techreport},
  keywords = {cosmos}
}
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