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Creativity in Evolution: Individuals, Interactions and Environments
  
  Tim Taylor
1999

Abstract
This paper addresses the nature of open-ended evolutionary processes, and the related, but more subtle, issue of how fundamental novelty (i.e. creativity) can arise in such processes. A number of existing artificial evolutionary systems, such as Tierra, are analysed in this context, but it is found that the theoretical grounding upon which they are based does not usually consider all of the relevant issues for creative evolution. The importance of considering the design of the environment, and of interactions between individuals, as well as the design of the individuals themselves, is emphasised. The properties of a hypothetical ’proto-DNA’ structure—a suitable seed for an open-ended, and creative, evolutionary process—are discussed. A number of open questions relating to these issues are highlighted as useful areas of future research. Finally, a paradigm for an evolutionary process described by Waddington is described. It is suggested that this might represent a suitable starting place for a more unified and productive exploration of these issues using synthetic (artificial life) modelling techniques.

 
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Reference
<span id="taylor1999creativity">Taylor, T. (1999). Creativity in Evolution: Individuals, Interactions and Environments. In P. J. Bentley &amp; D. W. Corne (Eds.), <i>Proceedings of the AISB’99 Symposium on Creative Evolutionary Systems</i> (pp. 8–17). The Society for the Study of Artificial Intelligence and Simulation of Behaviour.</span>

BibTeX
@inproceedings{taylor1999creativity,
  author = {Taylor, Tim},
  title = {Creativity in Evolution: Individuals, Interactions and Environments},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the AISB'99 Symposium on Creative Evolutionary Systems},
  year = {1999},
  editor = {Bentley, Peter J. and Corne, David W.},
  pages = {8-17},
  publisher = {The Society for the Study of Artificial Intelligence and Simulation of Behaviour},
  isbn = {1902956036},
  category = {conference},
  keywords = {creativity, cosmos}
}

   
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<div class="overflow-scroll"><span id="taylor2001creativity">Taylor, T. (2001). <b>Creativity in Evolution: Individuals, Interactions and Environments</b>. In P. J. Bentley &amp; D. W. Corne (Eds.), <i>Creative Evolutionary Systems</i> (pp. 79–108). https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-155860673-9/50037-9</span></div>

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    <pre>@incollection{taylor2001creativity,
  author = {Taylor, Tim},
  title = {Creativity in Evolution: Individuals, Interactions and Environments},
  booktitle = {Creative Evolutionary Systems},
  editor = {Bentley, Peter J and Corne, David W},
  chapter = {1},
  pages = {79--108},
  publisher = {Morgan Kaufmann},
  year = {2001},
  doi = {10.1016/b978-155860673-9/50037-9},
  category = {chapter},
  keywords = {creativity, oee}
}
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<div class="overflow-scroll"><span id="taylor1999selfreproduction">Taylor, T. (1999). <b>On Self-Reproduction and Evolvability</b>. In D. Floreano, J.-D. Nicoud, &amp; F. Mondada (Eds.), <i>Advances in Artificial Life. ECAL 1999</i> (pp. 94–103). https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-48304-7_15</span></div>

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    <pre>@inproceedings{taylor1999selfreproduction,
  title = {On Self-Reproduction and Evolvability},
  author = {Taylor, Tim},
  year = {1999},
  booktitle = {Advances in Artificial Life. ECAL 1999},
  series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
  volume = {1674},
  pages = {94-103},
  editor = {Floreano, Dario and Nicoud, Jean-Daniel and Mondada, Francesco},
  doi = {10.1007/3-540-48304-7_15},
  publisher = {Springer},
  address = {Berlin},
  category = {conference},
  keywords = {selfrep, cosmos}
}
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<div class="overflow-scroll"><span id="taylor1999artificial">Taylor, T. J. (1999). <i><b>From Artificial Evolution to Artificial Life</b></i> (PhD thesis). School of Informatics, College of Science and Engineering, University of Edinburgh.</span></div>

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    <pre>@phdthesis{taylor1999artificial,
  author = {Taylor, Timothy John},
  title = {From Artificial Evolution to Artificial Life},
  school = {School of Informatics, College of Science and Engineering, University of Edinburgh},
  year = {1999},
  uri = {http://hdl.handle.net/1842/361},
  category = {dissertation},
  keywords = {selfrep, oee, cosmos}
}
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<div class="overflow-scroll"><span id="taylor1998replaying">Taylor, T., &amp; Hallam, J. (1998). <b>Replaying the Tape: An Investigation into the Role of Contingency in Evolution</b>. In C. Adami, R. K. Belew, H. Kitano, &amp; C. E. Taylor (Eds.), <i>Artificial Life VI: Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Artificial Life</i> (pp. 256–265). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.</span></div>

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    <pre>@inproceedings{taylor1998replaying,
  title = {Replaying the Tape: An Investigation into the Role of Contingency in Evolution},
  author = {Taylor, Tim and Hallam, John},
  pages = {256-265},
  booktitle = {Artificial Life VI: Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Artificial Life},
  editor = {Adami, Christoph and Belew, Richard K. and Kitano, Hiroaki and Taylor, Charles E.},
  publisher = {MIT Press},
  address = {Cambridge, MA},
  year = {1998},
  category = {conference},
  keywords = {cosmos}
}
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<div class="overflow-scroll"><span id="taylor1997studying">Taylor, T., &amp; Hallam, J. (1997). <b>Studying Evolution with Self-Replicating Computer Programs</b>. In P. Husbands &amp; I. Harvey (Eds.), <i>Fourth European Conference on Artificial Life</i> (pp. 550–559). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.</span></div>

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    <pre>@inproceedings{taylor1997studying,
  title = {Studying Evolution with Self-Replicating Computer Programs},
  author = {Taylor, Tim and Hallam, John},
  pages = {550--559},
  booktitle = {Fourth European Conference on Artificial Life},
  editor = {Husbands, Phil and Harvey, Inman},
  publisher = {MIT Press},
  address = {Cambridge, MA},
  isbn = {0262581574},
  year = {1997},
  category = {conference},
  keywords = {cosmos, selfrep}
}
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<div class="overflow-scroll"><span id="taylor1997cosmos">Taylor, T. (1997). <i><b>The COSMOS Artificial Life System</b></i> (Departmental Working Paper No. 263). Department of Artificial Intelligence, University of Edinburgh.</span></div>

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    <pre>@techreport{taylor1997cosmos,
  author = {Taylor, Tim},
  title = {The COSMOS Artificial Life System},
  institution = {Department of Artificial Intelligence, University of Edinburgh},
  year = {1997},
  type = {Departmental Working Paper},
  number = {263},
  month = oct,
  category = {techreport},
  keywords = {cosmos},
  note = {Version 2.0: May 1999}
}
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<div class="overflow-scroll"><span id="taylor1996study">Taylor, T. (1996). <i><b>PhD Proposal: A Study of Evolution in Self-Replicating Parallel Computer Programs</b></i> (Departmental Discussion Paper No. 169). Department of Artificial Intelligence, University of Edinburgh.</span></div>

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    <pre>@techreport{taylor1996study,
  author = {Taylor, Tim},
  title = {PhD Proposal: A Study of Evolution in Self-Replicating Parallel Computer Programs},
  institution = {Department of Artificial Intelligence, University of Edinburgh},
  year = {1996},
  type = {Departmental Discussion Paper},
  number = {169},
  month = jun,
  category = {techreport},
  keywords = {cosmos}
}
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<div class="overflow-scroll"><span id="taylor1996cosmos">Taylor, T. (1996). <i><b>The COSMOS Environment and REPLiCa Programming Language</b></i> (Departmental Working Paper No. 259). Department of Artificial Intelligence, University of Edinburgh.</span></div>

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  author = {Taylor, Tim},
  title = {The COSMOS Environment and REPLiCa Programming Language},
  institution = {Department of Artificial Intelligence, University of Edinburgh},
  year = {1996},
  type = {Departmental Working Paper},
  number = {259},
  month = jun,
  category = {techreport},
  keywords = {cosmos}
}
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<div class="overflow-scroll"><span id="taylor1996incorporation">Taylor, T. (1996). <i><b>On the Incorporation of a Developmental Process in a System of Self-Replicating Programs</b></i> (Departmental Working Paper No. 258). Department of Artificial Intelligence, University of Edinburgh.</span></div>

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  author = {Taylor, Tim},
  title = {On the Incorporation of a Developmental Process in a System of Self-Replicating Programs},
  institution = {Department of Artificial Intelligence, University of Edinburgh},
  year = {1996},
  type = {Departmental Working Paper},
  number = {258},
  month = jan,
  category = {techreport},
  keywords = {cosmos}
}
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